International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archive

Non-hormonal Pharmacotherapies for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: The Role of Tadalafil Monotherapy

Aamir Jalal Al-Mosawi — 2024-12-15

Many medications have been used in the treatment of benign enlargement of the prostate during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, including progestational agents, amino acids, spironolactone, candicidin, nystatin, flutamide, bromocriptine, alpha-adrenergic blockers, Serenoa repens (Saw palmetto extracts), and mepartricin. Finasteride and dutasteride are 5-alpha reductase inhibitors decrease levels of dihydrotestosterone, which contributes to prostate enlargement, have been increasingly used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. There is some evidence suggesting that non-hormonal therapies (i.e., medication that do not directly affect male hormones such as testosterone or dihydrotestosterone) can reduce prostate volume, particularly in the context of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In recent years, the use of tadalafil (Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor), as monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia-related lower urinary tract symptoms, has gained increasing attention. Tadalafil has demonstrated potential benefits in improving both the symptoms and the underlying pathology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The aim of this paper is to highlight the role of tadalafil monotherapy in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Innovative Pharmacotherapy Strategies for Benign Meningiomas: A Case Study and Review of Evidence-Based Practices

Aamir Jalal Al-Mosawi — 2024-12-15

Meningiomas are predominantly benign, slowly growing tumors that primarily affect females and can lead to significant morbidity due to pressure effects on adjacent structures and increased intracranial pressure. This article reviews the historical context of meningioma treatment, highlights a case study of a 35-year-old female with meningioma, and explores pharmacotherapeutic options, particularly the use of hydroxyurea in combination with tamoxifen. While traditional surgical and radiotherapeutic approaches have limitations, evidence suggests that hydroxyurea may effectively induce tumor regression and manage symptoms, particularly in patients with unresectable or recurrent tumors. The proposed combination therapy aims to enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. This multifaceted approach underscores the importance of personalized medicine in the management of benign meningiomas, advocating for further research to optimize outcomes.

The Rare Association of Imperforate Anus with Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction and Later Development of Retrograde Ejaculation: An Educational Article and expert Opinion

Aamir Jalal Al-Mosawi — 2024-12-15

Background: Retrograde ejaculation, a condition where semen is redirected into the bladder rather than being expelled through the urethra during orgasm, can be caused by various factors including congenital abnormalities and surgical interventions. Effective management is crucial for improving patient outcomes and addressing associated symptoms. Patients and Methods: This paper explores a rare case of retrograde ejaculation associated with an imperforate anus and neurogenic bladder dysfunction. It also reviews various evidence-based treatments for retrograde ejaculation and evaluates the role of alfuzosin in managing related symptoms. The paper underscores the value of oral alfuzosin in managing this condition and to review the pharmacological treatments available for retrograde ejaculation. Results: A 17-year-old male with a history of imperforate anus and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis underwent treatment with oral alfuzosin, an alpha1-adrenergic blocker. The patient experienced significant improvements in hydroureteronephrosis following 1 year of treatment with oral alfuzosin. Initial treatment involved a daily dose of 2.5 mg, which was increased to 5 mg after 1 month, and subsequently adjusted to 10 mg daily. The treatment led to reduced hydroureteronephrosis and preserved renal function. Conclusion: This case supports the use of long-term oral alfuzosin as a non-invasive therapeutic option for neurogenic bladder dysfunction and retrograde ejaculation. Evidence from the literature indicates that a range of medical therapies can offer significant benefits for patients with retrograde ejaculation, underscoring the importance of individualized treatment strategies.

Investigation of Mir-34b/c Gene Methylation in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Disease Compared to Healthy Individuals

Hosnie Hoseini — 2024-12-15

Background and Objective: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most frequent type of differentiated thyroid cancer. Recent advances have shown that cancer cells can have some epigenetic changes involved in all stages of cancer. It has also been shown that Mir-34b/c acts as a gene expression regulator in many biological processes, including angiogenesis. In the current study, to identify the potential role of Mir-34b/c in PTC progression, the methylation status of the Mir-34b/c promoter region has been evaluated. Methods: In this case-control study, blood samples were taken from 60 patients with papillary thyroid and 60 healthy people. The method of polymerase chain reaction method was used to investigate gene promoter methylation. The results obtained from the study were studied using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and Chi-square tests respectively. Results: Findings confirm that there was a significant association between Mir-34b/c and gene promoter methylation. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the reduction of gene promoter methylation in papillary thyroid cancer can be used as a biomarker in the diagnosis of the disease.

Molecular Insights into Triazole Resistance: A Comprehensive Review on Active Site Tyrosine Mutations in Fungal 14 Alpha-Demethylase

Gourav Babriwal — 2024-12-15

Background: Triazoles are essential antifungal agents used in clinical and agricultural contexts to manage fungal infections. However, their efficacy is increasingly compromised by the emergence of resistant fungal strains. A key mechanism of resistance involves mutations in the lanosterol 14 Alpha-demethylase enzyme (CYP51), particularly at conserved residues such as the active site tyrosine. These mutations disrupt triazole binding, leading to reduced antifungal susceptibility. Objective: This review provides a detailed examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying triazole resistance, with a focus on mutations affecting the conserved active site tyrosine in fungal CYP51. It discusses structural insights, clinical implications, and potential strategies to counteract resistance. Key Findings: The active site tyrosine in CYP51 plays a critical role in maintaining enzyme function and facilitating triazole binding. Mutations in this residue alter the enzyme’s structure, reducing the binding affinity of triazoles and conferring resistance. These mutations are prevalent in both clinical and agricultural fungal strains, posing significant challenges for treatment and crop protection. Advances in structural biology and molecular diagnostics have enhanced our understanding of these mutations, enabling better monitoring and potential drug development. Conclusion: Active site tyrosine mutations represent a pivotal mechanism in triazole resistance, emphasizing the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Targeted drug design and combination therapies hold promise in overcoming resistance and safeguarding triazole efficacy. This review highlights the importance of continued research and global surveillance to mitigate the impact of antifungal resistance.