International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archive

Development of Herbal Cream with Antifungal Properties for the Treatment of Fungal Infections

Bharti Gupta — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Assessing skin and soft-tissue infections can be difficult. Turmeric, neem, and Terminalia arjuna bark possess significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activities, which substantially diminish fungal infections. The objective of the study was to develop an environmentally friendly antiseptic cream by utilizing turmeric, neem extract, T. arjuna bark, castor oil, coconut oil, and glycerine as a natural preservative, along with fish oils. The physicochemical qualities of the herbal antiseptic cream, a thick semisolid substance, were examined. These features included color, odor, pH level, ability to be squeezed out, thickness, capacity to spread, ability to dissolve, and ability to be washed off. The study conducted antimicrobial activity tests against Tinea species and fungus in microbiological culture and determined that eco-antifungal cream is compatible. The zone of inhibition was determined and administered to individuals with Tinea psoriasis. The product’s quality assessment revealed no observable alterations, appropriate pH levels, commendable spreadability, uniformity, and efficacy in addressing skin infections in patients. The viscosity of creams is directly proportional to the shear rate, meaning that as the shear rate decreases, the cream viscosity increases. Stability analyses were performed on creams containing plant extracts, which exhibited antifungal characteristics and could function as a protective shield against fungal infections.

Scrub Typhus: Indian Situation and Current Report Generated by Indian Council of Medical Research-National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research under the Right to Information Act, 2005-reg

Shivam Rathor — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Scrub typhus infection in humans is caused by the obligatory, intracellular bacteria Orientia tsutsugamushi. This study explains the introductive part, historical background, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, Indian situation of scrub typhus and the methodology of the Indian Council of Medical Research-National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research (ICMR-NCDIR). The results of this study show that there were 32355 incidents of scrub typhus overall in 2022 and 54162 cases overall in 2023. According to the report from ICMR-NCDIR under the Right to Information Act, 2005-reg, a total of 36 states in India were examined in the years 2022 and 2023; of those, 4 states did not report any cases of scrub typhus, and 32 states reported confirmed cases of the 32 states, 4 did not report any reports about scrub typhus in 2022, and in 2023, all 32 states reported confirmed cases of the disease.

A Better Method for Pharmaceutical Quality Control for Impurity Profile Data

Ajay Kumar Shukla — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In the pharmaceutical industry, an impurity is any extra organic substance that is not a part of the medicine or component, or any unwanted chemicals that are left over after synthesis. Pharmaceutical contaminants are undesirable materials that are left over or created during the production of medications. The existence and amount of impurities in pharmaceuticals can significantly affect their quality and safety; hence, there is an urgent need for a systematic and comprehensive medication impurity profiling technique. Moreover, industry productivity is under constant pressure to increase. The quality of the medication is being adversely affected by the presence of impurities. Among the various types of contaminants are degradation products, byproducts, penultimate impurities, intermediates, and starter materials. Impurities come in many different forms, including beginning materials, intermediates, penultimate impurities, byproducts, and degradation products. The process of impurity profiling aids in the identification, detection, and measurement of different kinds of impurities as well as residual solvents in pharmaceutical formulations and bulk pharmaceuticals. It is the most effective method for describing the stability and quality of pharmaceutical formulations and bulk medications. This review paper addresses the pharmaceutical impurity profile.

Synthesis of Indoles through Larock Annulation: Recent Advances

S. Abdullahi — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The synthesis of indoles through Larock annulation has undergone significant advancements in recent years, marking a renaissance in the field of heterocyclic chemistry. This review paper encapsulates the strides made by highlighting the innovative methodologies that have emerged, the challenges faced, and the potential future directions of this research area. The Larock annulation, traditionally reliant on palladium catalysis, has seen shifts towards more sustainable and economical approaches, such as nickel catalysis, which promises to alleviate some of the environmental and safety concerns associated with the process. Despite its versatility, the reaction faces limitations in substrate scope due to steric and electronic factors, and economic and scalability issues remain a challenge for industrial applications. Looking forward, this review discussed emerging trends such as regioselective syntheses and the expansion of substrate scope, which are likely to drive further research and innovation. The review concluded by reflecting on the impact of the Larock indole synthesis within the broader context of organic chemistry, underscoring its potential to inspire new synthetic strategies and contribute to the advancement of medicinal chemistry.

Rational Design Strategies for Development of Non-selective COX – Inhibitor Piroxicam: A Comprehensive Review

Rahul Meena — Sat, 15 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The development of selective Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, such as Piroxicam, represents a significant advancement in anti-inflammatory therapy, aiming to mitigate the gastrointestinal side effects associated with non-selective Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This comprehensive review delves into the rational design strategies employed in the development of COX-2 selective inhibitors, focusing on Piroxicam. The review begins with an overview of COX enzymes, their physiological roles, and the need for selective inhibition. It explores various design strategies, including structure-based drug design, which leverages crystallography and molecular modeling to identify key structural differences between COX-1 and COX-2. Ligand-based approaches, combinatorial chemistry, and computational methods, such as molecular docking and in silico screening, are discussed for their roles in optimizing lead compounds. The review also highlights chemical modifications and the development of Piroxicam analogs to enhance COX-2 selectivity. Mechanistic insights into the binding interactions and structure-activity relationships are provided, alongside a discussion on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Piroxicam. Clinical efficacy, safety profiles, and comparative analyses with other NSAIDs are examined to underscore the therapeutic potential and challenges of COX-2 inhibitors. The review concludes with future directions, emphasizing emerging strategies and the potential for personalized medicine in the continued evolution of COX-2 selective inhibitors.