International Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biological Archive

Morphological Examination of the Placenta of Pregnant Women with Hypothyroidism Compared to Healthy Individuals

Hosnie Hoseini — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Some hormonal disorders, such as hypothyroidism, can affect the morphology of the placenta
and subsequently the growth of the fetus. Objectives: This study aims to investigate the morphological
changes of the placenta in pregnant women with hypothyroidism. Methods: For this case–control study,
120 fresh pairs from the labor and operation room were used. Of 120 pairs, 60 pairs belonged to the
case group and 60 pairs belonged to the control group. Results: The results showed that the shape of
the placenta in the case group was circular (51%), followed by oval (40%) and irregular (9%), whereas
in the control group, the shape of the placenta was circular (45%), oval (32%), and irregular (23%). The
average weight and thickness of the placenta in the case group were lower than those in the control group,
and the surface and number of cotyledons in the case group were higher than those in the control group.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the mother’s hormonal changes can affect the placenta,
and with timely diagnosis and treatment, the effects of hormonal changes on the fetus can be prevented.

Solubility Enhancement of Posaconazole: A Mixed Solvency Approach Using Urea and Xylenesulfonate

Abhishek Jaiswal — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Posaconazole, a broad-spectrum antifungal agent belonging to the triazole class, exhibits poor aqueous
solubility, limiting its oral bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. As a BCS class II drug, its
absorption is dissolution-rate limited, presenting significant challenges in formulation development. This
study explores the potential of a mixed solvency approach employing urea and sodium xylenesulfonate
(SXS) as synergistic hydrotropic agents to enhance the solubility of posaconazole. A systematic
methodology was adopted, beginning with the selection and optimization of solvent concentrations through
factorial design, followed by equilibrium solubility studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) spectroscopy for compatibility analysis, and in vitro dissolution testing. FTIR and differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses confirmed the absence of chemical interactions and indicated
physical compatibility between the drug and excipients. The optimized formulation demonstrated a
significant increase in solubility compared to pure drug and individual solubilizers, with no degradation
observed under stability testing conditions. In vitro dissolution studies revealed enhanced drug release
profiles in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8), suggesting improved absorption potential. The mixed solvency
technique, which utilizes non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizers in combination, presents a
cost-effective, scalable, and regulatory-compliant solution for poorly soluble drugs. The findings of this
study establish the scientific rationale and practical applicability of using urea and SXS in combination
to overcome solubility limitations of posaconazole, providing a promising strategy for future formulation
development of BCS class II compounds.

Strategies for Computer-aided Drug Design in Developing Inhibitors for Dengue Virus (Flavivirus Genus)

Ravina Patidar — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study explores strategic applications of computer-aided drug design (CADD) to develop potential
inhibitors against dengue virus (DENV) (Flavivirus genus), focusing on the molecular docking
evaluation of gossypol and four of its derivatives: Schiff base, acetylated, dimethoxy, and hydrazone.
Using AutoDock Vina, nine docking poses were generated for each ligand, with Mode 1 identified as the
most stable configuration across all compounds. Parent gossypol exhibited the strongest binding affinity
(–9.3 kcal/mol), facilitated by extensive hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions within the viral
target’s active site. Gossypol hydrazone followed closely, benefiting from polar hydrazone functionalities
that enhanced receptor engagement (–7.2 kcal/mol). Dimethoxy gossypol displayed moderate affinity due
to hydrophobic enhancements, whereas Schiff base and acetylated gossypol showed diminished binding,
likely due to steric hindrance and reduced polar contacts. Root mean square deviation analyses affirmed
the stable binding of gossypol derivatives and the adaptability of the receptor’s pharmacophore region. The
findings demonstrate that small functional group modifications significantly influence binding strength
and orientation. Hydrazone substitution emerged as a promising strategy, whereas excessive steric bulk,
as in acetylation, adversely affected binding. These results underscore the importance of polarity, scaffold
rigidity, and hydrophobic balance in designing potent inhibitors. The study advocates further refinement
of the gossypol scaffold, incorporating dynamic simulation and structure-activity relationship analysis to
optimize antiviral lead compounds. The integration of docking simulations into early-stage drug discovery
proves valuable for rational inhibitor design against DENV.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Hair Growth Oil Using Flower Extract of Lantana camara Linn

Rachana Patel — Wed, 08 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate a herbal hair growth oil incorporating the flower
extract of Lantana camara Linn., a plant traditionally known for its diverse pharmacological activities.
Fresh flowers were collected, identified, and authenticated, followed by extraction using ethanol–water
(1:1) through maceration. The obtained extract was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening,
which confirmed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids,
and triterpenoid compounds known to exert antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hair growth-promoting
effects. The herbal hair oil was formulated by incorporating the extract with supportive herbal ingredients
such as Hibiscus flowers, curry leaves, almond oil, coconut oil, rose oil, and vitamin E, thereby enhancing
both therapeutic and cosmetic value. The prepared oil was evaluated for organoleptic and physicochemical
parameters including pH, viscosity, acid value, refractive index, specific gravity, and irritation potential. The
results indicated that the oil possessed a greenish-brown color, characteristic odor, a pH of 6.5, acceptable
viscosity, specific gravity of 0.97 g/cm3, and an acid value within permissible limits. No irritation was
observed upon topical application, confirming its safety. The observed phytochemical constituents were
considered responsible for the potential hair growth activity. The overall evaluation demonstrated that the
herbal hair oil formulation was stable, safe, and effective, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative
to synthetic hair growth products. This work highlights the significance of integrating traditional herbal
knowledge with scientific validation to develop efficacious hair care formulations