Development and Efficacy Evaluation of a Natural Antifungal Gel for Athlete’s Foot: A Synergistic Approach with Tea Tree Oil, Oregano Oil, and Apple Cider Vinegar

Abstract

Athlete’s foot (Tinea pedis) is a prevalent superficial fungal infection caused by dermatophytes, such as
Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The growing resistance to synthetic antifungal
agents and concerns regarding their long-term use have prompted interest in developing alternative
therapies utilizing natural products. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a natural antifungal
gel incorporating tea tree oil, oregano oil, and apple cider vinegar, known for their potent antimicrobial
and anti-inflammatory properties. The gel was prepared using Carbopol 934P as the base and optimized
for pH, viscosity, and consistency. Qualitative phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of key
secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and saponins, which are potentially
responsible for antifungal activity. The antifungal efficacy of the gel was assessed in vitro using agar well
diffusion and broth microdilution methods against clinical isolates of T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration values were determined.
Further characterization included pH measurement, spreadability, washability, and stability studies under
ICH-recommended conditions over 90 days. The results demonstrated that the natural antifungal gel
possesses promising physicochemical characteristics and potential antifungal activity suitable for topical
use. This formulation provides a safe and natural alternative for managing athlete’s foot and could serve
as a foundation for future clinical studies and product development.